Outcome measures
These were the measures used in Ciarrochi et al., 2022.
Mental ill-health
We recommend the five STOP-D items to measure sadness, anxiety, stress, anger, and lack of social support.
Young, Q.-R., Ignaszewski, A., Fofonoff, D., & Kaan, A. (2007). Brief screen to identify 5 of the most common forms of psychosocial distress in cardiac patients: validation of the screening tool for psychological distress. The Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, 22(6), 525–534.
Young, Q.-R., Nguyen, M., Roth, S., Broadberry, A., & Mackay, M. H. (2015). Single-item measures for depression and anxiety: Validation of the Screening Tool for Psychological Distress in an inpatient cardiology setting. European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, 14(6), 544–551.
Mental and physical well-being
We utilised the single item health measure (Ware & Sherbourne, 1992) to assess health in the past week. Responses ranged from 1 (poor) to 5 (excellent).
Ware, J. E., Jr, & Sherbourne, C. D. (1992). The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36). I. Conceptual framework and item selection. Medical Care, 30(6), 473–483.
To assess vitality, we recommend using three positive items from the vitality scale (Ryan & Frederick, 1997), including "I felt energized", "vital and alive".
Ryan, R. M., & Frederick, C. (1997). On energy, personality, and health: subjective vitality as a dynamic reflection of well-being. Journal of Personality, 65(3), 529–565.